Menurut Kamus Inggeris Oxford yang saya beli tahun 2004 masa mendaftar masuk SMKB, ia menjelaskan bahawa universiti adalah " An institution where a new idea is born". Universiti bukan sahaja hanya untuk mendengar kuliah, siapkan tugasan, dan graduate.
Universiti adalah tempat dimana para siswazah dapat menjana idea untuk mengubah masa depan mereka.
dengan penyataan-penyataan sebegini, saya telah membuat keputusan untuk meneruskan penggajian ke peringkat universiti. Walaupun pada peringkat awal, segala permohonan untuk memasuki untuk universiti tempatan ditolak, seperti Unisza yang nk student ngan pointer 3.85 sahaja ( minimum)...demand tinggi... gentle la bro..
Then, saya bercadang untuk meneruskan pekerjaan dalam pejabar yang kecil itu, sehinggalah saya mendapat tahu yang UKM menawarkan penggajian secara separuh masa. dengan lajunya saya mohon... hahaha...
ini kerana pengurus audit saya pernah belajar disini dan beliau berkata Ijazah disini adalah qualified untuk permohonan keahlian MIA. MIA adalah penting sekiranya saya hendak menceburi bidang pengauditan mahupun perakaunan.
Maka pada Bulan oktober, saya mendaftar masuk dan meneruskan penggajian pada waktu malam. Kuliah dijalankan pada waktu malam. iaitu pada jam 7.00 ptg.
Saya gembira berada dalam kalangan rakan-rakan saya yang rata-rata bekerja dalam industri yang lebih kurang sama dengan saya.... ooops.. lupa nk ckp.. sy bertugas sebagai pembantu audit di Kuala lumpur.
Berikut adalah gambar-gambar kenangan yang telah diambil...
Pada minggu lepas, kami telah mempelajari kaedah menggunakan aplikasi komputer untuk penerbitan muka laman sesawang. Bahasa yang dunia alam maya adalah HTML. HTML digunakan untuk segala laman sesawang di dunia ini. HTML mempunyai banyak versi. Versi yang terbaru adalah 5.
Sekiranya hendak menaip satu patah perkataan di laman sesawang, bukan mudah seperti kita menulis dalam microsoft word. ianya dimulakan dengan opening <html> dan ditutup dengan </html>.
Contohnya jumlah perkataan yang saya tulis setakat ini akan dilihat oleh laman sesawang seperti berikut:
<div style="text-align: center;">
EPPD1063</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Pada minggu lepas, kami telah mempelajari kaedah menggunakan aplikasi komputer untuk penerbitan muka laman sesawang. Bahasa yang dunia alam maya adalah HTML. HTML digunakan untuk segala laman sesawang di dunia ini. HTML mempunyai banyak versi. Versi yang terbaru adalah 5.<br />
<br />
Sekiranya hendak menaip satu patah perkataan di laman sesawang, bukan mudah seperti kita menulis dalam microsoft word. ianya dimulakan dengan opening <html> dan ditutup dengan </html>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Contohnya jumlah perkataan yang saya tulis setakat ini akan dilihat oleh laman sesawang seperti berikut:<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">Pada minggu lepas, kami telah mempelajari kaedah menggunakan aplikasi komputer untuk penerbitan muka laman sesawang. Bahasa yang dunia alam maya adalah HTML. HTML digunakan untuk segala laman sesawang di dunia ini. HTML mempunyai banyak versi. Versi yang terbaru adalah 5.<br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">Sekiranya hendak menaip satu patah perkataan di laman sesawang, bukan mudah seperti kita menulis dalam microsoft word. ianya dimulakan dengan opening &lt;html&gt; dan ditutup dengan &lt;/html&gt;.<br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;">Contohnya sekiranya saya ingin menaip " hai saya jey" dalam laman sesawang, saya perlu menaip &gt;&gt;&gt;<br /></span><br />
Pada 2 minggu yang lepas, kami telah mempelajari cara untuk menguruskan jumlah maklumat yang besar dengan penggunaan aplikasi pengurusan data iaitu, Access.
Microsoft Access adalah satu platform untuk menguruskan data dalam jumlah yang besar. Penggunaan Access lebih baik sekiranya ingin menguruskan data yang banyak, berbanding penggunaan Microsoft Excel, kerana dalam Access kita dapat mewujudkan pilihan "layer by layer" iaitu, "Raw Data" > "First Summarising Layer" > Second Summarising Layer" dan berikutnya.
Ia juga boleh dijelaskan dengan penggunaan Borang Query dalam Access, dengan adanya borang query , kita dapat lihat maklumat yang kita hendak sahaja, bukan seperti word atau excel, sekiranya hendak mencari sesuatu kita perlu mencari item tersebut dalam jumlah maklumat yang sangat besar, dan kebarangkalian kita untuk membuat kesilapan, amat besar.
Tambahan pula, setiap item dalam jadual perlu dimasukkan mengikut satu primary Key ID. Primary Key ini membezakan setiap item dalam jadual tersebut. Primary Key tidak boleh terdiri daripada Nama, kerana kebarangkalian nama yang sama mungkin wujud, maka kita perlu mewujudkan satu ID pengenalan. Dalam kes Projek kumpulan saya, saya menggunakan ID pekerja dan pelanggan sebagai rujuka Primary Key.
Projek Modul Aplikasi Komputer EPPD1063
Bagi memenuhi kehendak modul, kami telah diberi tugasan/projek akhir untuk bab Access. Kami dikehendaki untuk mewujudkan satu database sistem bagi pekerja, pelanggan, item jualan dan sebagainya. Saya dan ahli kumpulan saya En. Vicky memilih untuk membuat sistem maklumat data bagi pengurusan Hotel.
Setelah kami berjaya mempelajari segala teknik yang diperlukan untuk menggunakan Word & Excel, tiba pula masa untuk kami mendalami bab pengaplikasian Powerpoint.
Sedihnya saya tidak dapat menghadiri kuliah tersebut, namun saya mempelajari dari rakan sekumpulan bagi tugasan Powerpoint saya En. Vicky.
Sebagai tugasan kami , dalam bentuk kumpulan yang dianggotai 2 ahli setiap kumpulan, kami dikehendaki untuk membuat satu pembentangan bersuara. Iaitu, membentang satu powerpoint yang telah diubah bentuk formatnya iaitu, dari pptx kepada wmv , dan setiap slide yang berubah perlu dibentang menggunakan microphone komputer.
Matlamat tugasan ini tercapai apabila, powerpoint tersebut, direkod dengan suara latar En. Vicky serta saya dan disimpan dalam format Windows Media Video. Didapati suara kami tidak begitu kuat dalam speaker di makmal.
Kami telah membentangkan tentang teknologi zaman dahulu, iaitu enjin berkuasa stim (wap), sebelum revolusi penggunaan petrol dalam engine kenderaan.
Namun kami berjaya melaksanakn tugas kami dengan sempurna , dan menghantarnya dalam masa yang diperuntukkan.
kami dibekalkan soalan dalam versi digital pada portal ifolio, dan tepat pada waktunya, kami memulakan lab test yang pertama, iaitu gabungan bab1 dan bab 2 ( Word & Excel). kami dikehendaki memenuhi syarat2 untuk menggunakan formula seperti vlooup, countif, if, if(and(, dan if(or... dan mempraktikkan apa yang belajar semasa menggunakan bab advanced tersebut.
Bab 3 : Advance Excel Formula & Data Management, Mail Merge
Setelah belajar menggunakan Excel pada tahap pertengahan, kami belajar cara mengeluarkan output menggunakan hasil gabungan Microsoft Word & Microsoft Excel.
Untuk tugasan ini, kami diberi satu jadual , dimana ia menunjukkna kriteria beserta syarat yang diperlukan untuk mendapat hasil dalam jadual & data serta, ( dalam kes ini markah pelajar dalam kolej). Maka setiap kolum dalam jadual mempunyai label nya sendiri dan setiap label perlu dikira menggunakan formula yang telah dibelajar dalam bab 2.
Setelah itu, kami dikehendaki untuk mengeluarkan keputusan markah tersebut ke dalamword dengan mengimport data-data dari excel menggunakan mailing tab buttons..... denagn
Select recipient >> use existing list >> Edit recipient list sekiranya ingin mengubah jumlah output yang hendak dikeluarkan , dalam kes kami, kami dikehendaki keluarkan untuk 50 pelajar maka kami menandakan 50 org shj. Setrusnya innsert mai field dan setrusnya start mail meege.
Akan keluar satu mukasurat dengan segala penerima output dengan scroller dibawa
jika ingin menerbitkan kesemua surat, maka click pada finish merge.
Kami pada mulanya telah mempelajari cara untuk menggunakan aplikasi dalam platform dalam Microsoft Excel.
Cara untuk menggunakan aplikasi pada asalnya muda, namun sesetengah perkara perlu dipertimbangkan supaya data yang direkod tidak menunjukkan ralat.
Antara perkara yang kami dalam pelajari adalah :
Enter text and numbers
Use the Sum button to sum a range of cells
Copy the contents of a cell to a range of cells using the fill handle
Apply cell styles
Format cells in a worksheet
Create a Clustered Cylinder chart
Change a worksheet name and worksheet tab color
Change document properties
Preview and print a worksheet
Use the AutoCalculate area to display statistics
Perkara-perkara kita tidak tahu tentang Encik Bill Gates.
1.Gates menghadiri Lakeside School , salah satu daripada sekolah- sekolah di Amerika Syarikat dengan terminal komputer pada masa itu. Minat Gates dalam pengaturcaraan komputer membuatkan beliau dibuang dari kelas matematik.
Gates pengaturcaraan program komputer pertama Gates adalah permainan tic-tac-toe
Gates godam program sekolahnya untuk menjadualkan pelajar dalam kelas, menukar kod supaya dia diletakkan di dalam kelas dengan banyak bilangan kanak-kanak perempuan yang catik dan pandai.
Pada usia 17, Gates jual program komputer yang pertama, sistem jadual waktu untuk sekolah menengah dimana beliau menjana duit sebanyak $ 4,200.00
Gates lulus dari Lakeside School dengan skor 1590 daripada 1600, dan kemudian pergi ke Harvard pada tahun 1973.
Di Harvard beliau berkata kepada profesor yang dia akan menjadi jutawan sebelum dia 30. Tapi beliau dapat menjadi jutawan pada usia 31 tahun.
Pada tahun 1975, Gates keluar dari Harvard dan bersama dengan kawan dia menubuhkan Syarikat bernama "Micor-Soft". dalam jangka masa setahun tanda " - " hilang.
Pada tahun 1977 beliau ditahan polis dan dimasukkan dalam lokap akibat didapati bersalah memandu tanpa lesen.
Pada 5 tahun awal syarikat mula beroperasi, Gates memeriksa setiap baris kod program sebelum ianya dipasarkan.
Jumlah harta beliau didapati adalah bersamaan dengan 109 Billion pada tahun 1999.
Selepas 32 tahun berhenti belajar di Harvard, pada tahun 2007 beliau menyambung pengajian semula dan mendapatkan Ijazah Sarjana Muda Beliau.
Beliau pernah menunggu Steve Job di pejabat neXT selama sejam.
Secara tidak sengaja beliau telah memberitahu pada media bahawa Mark Zuckerburg telah bertunang dengan teman wanita belaiu yang dlu.
Anak-anak beliau suka memperli Mr. Gates dengan lagu ‘Billionaire’ dari Bruno Mars and Travis McCoy.
Dalam bahagian ini kami telah mempelajari cara bagaimana hendak menerbitkan satu artikel yang tersedia ada dalam bentuk tanpa apa-apa format, kepada sesuatu artikel dengan label jadual muka surat, senarai jadual, dan senarai rajah-rajah.
Antara yang kami teknik yang kami belajar adalah :
Change line and paragraph spacing in a document
Modify a style
Use a header to number pages of a document
Apply formatting using shortcut keys
Modify paragraph indentation
Insert and edit citations and their sources
Add a footnote to a document
Insert a manual page break
Create a bibliographical list of sources
Cut, copy, and paste text
Find text and replace text
Find a synonym
Use the Research task pane to look up information
Objective of
the study was to have an insight about the situation of KM implementation in
Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Study was conducted in Perak
state of Malaysia. 30 SMEs were approached to participate in the study. SMEs
were selected by using systematic random sampling. Critical Success Factors
(CSFs) for the implementation of KM in SMEs were analyzed. Prioritized list of
14 CSFs was produced. Prioritization was done on the basis of R-square value
(linear regression) and was cross checked by mean value. Beside these CSFs,
types of KM applications used by Malaysian SMEs were also discussed. Current
level of KM implementation by Malaysian SMEs was checked. Intention of
Malaysian SMEs to implement KM in future, number of years KM has been
implemented in Malaysian SMEs and projected duration other SMEs will take to
implement KM were also among the topics discussed in the paper.
Keywords: Knowledge Management (KM),
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Critical Success Factors (CSFs), Malaysia.
Knowledge Management (KM) is no longer a hidden
phenomenon as it has proved its value. Only thing left is that how
organizations can implement KM and what type of benefits can be obtained from
implementation of KM? KM needs some resources (financial and non-financial) to
be implemented. These resources vary from organizational magnitude to the
nature of business. Large organizations have enough resources as compare to
small organizations in order to implement KM. This is one of the reasons that
why implementation level of KM is high in large organizations as compare to
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Misunderstanding about KM and its
implementation is among other reasons for not implementing KM in SMEs. Earlier
researchers were of the view that KM can be similarly implemented in SMEs as in
large organizations, which is wrong [1].
SMEs play a vital role in the economy of any country
hence they should also be given greater importance just like large
organizations. Therefore, those activities should be initiated in SMEs which
will benefit them not only in short term but in long run as well and one kind
of such activity is KM implementation [2].
SMEs have now realized the importance
of KM; hence scenario is changing as SMEs are emphasizing more on the
implementation of KM.
Generally SMEs can be categorized into small and
medium levels on the basis of number of employees, annual sales turnover and
total assets possessed by them. It depends on the country that what criteria it
will use to categorize SMEs. Some countries use only one criterion, some use 2
and even there are countries that use all three criteria. Malaysian SMEs are
categorized into micro, small and medium enterprises by Malaysian government.
This categorization is based on number of employees and annual sales turnover
companies have. These SMEs are operating in agricultural sector (including
agro-based sector), manufacturing sector (including manufacturing related
services) and service sector (including ICT sector). Table 1 & 2 provides a
summary of Malaysian categorization of SMEs.
Table 1: Categorization
of Malaysian SMEs (based on number of employees)
Primary
Agriculture
Manufacturing
(including
Agro-based) & MRS*
Service
Sector
(including
ICT**)
Micro
> than 5
> than 5
> than 5
Small
Between
5-19
Between 5-50
Between 5-19
Medium
Between 20-50
Between
51-150
Between 20-50
Table 2:
Categorization of Malaysian SMEs (based on annual sales turnover (all figures
in RM 000))
Primary
Agriculture
Manufacturing
(including
Agro-based) & MRS*
Service
Sector
(including
ICT**)
Micro
> than 200
> than 250
> than 200
Small
Between 200 & > than 1,000
Between 250 & > 10,000
Between 200 & > 1,000
Medium
Between 1,000 & 5,000
Between 10,000 & 25,000
Between 1,000 & 5,000
(*MRS:
Manufacturing-Related Services
**ICT: Information and Communication Technology)
This study is the continuation of those studies
which emphasized on the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for the implementation
of KM in SMEs. Beside this, study will give an overview about the current and
future status of KM implementation in Malaysian SMEs.
KM has proved its importance by showing that growth
of a firm and implementation of KM are directly proportional to each other [3].
Similarly, growth of a firm in terms of financial performance and innovation
are linked to KM implementation. Higher the implementation of KM, higher will
be the performance of company in financial terms and innovation [4]. KM is the
key to success for an organization but it is hard to measure it [5]. KM is all
about managing the knowledge (expertise and skills of employees) therefore,
among different reasons for the success of SMEs, one is that they are managing
their knowledge [6].
KM
is not only important for large organizations but has almost same significant
for SMEs which makes it a key to success [7]. World economy is moving from industrialization to knowledge base economy
therefore, KM will be the only difference between a better performing and a
poor performing organization [8]. KM helps an organization to succeed by
building better customer relationship and improving innovation [9].
SMEs are similarly important for a country’s economy
as are large organizations. Because they provide job opportunities to majority
of the population of a country plus SMEs bring innovation (product and process)
as in [10], which is very important for economy of any country.Irrespective of the size and nature of an
organization, KM is important for the success of an organization. Study showed many clues that how KM helped Finnish
SMEs to be more dynamic. SMEs can improve their performance by considering KM
carefully [3].
When we talk about the
implementation of KM then there are certain factors which are important. These
factors are known as Critical Success Factors (CSFs). They are also called Key
Result Areas (KRAs) and Key Success Factors (KSFs) [11]. Generally speaking,
those factors which are helpful in the successful implementation of any
project, activity, process or business are known as CSFs, KRAs or KSFs. Or we
can say, those factors on which project, activity, process or business relies
for successful completion. From implementation of KM, we mean those ‘practices
and activities’ on which implementation of KM is dependent [4]. “Areas in which results, if they are satisfactory,
will ensure successful competitive performance for the organization,” as was in
[12].
Beside other resources, financial resource is an
important reason for SME to not implement KM as they lack this resource [13];
[14]. On the other hand, SMEs are mostly family owned businesses which is
another hindrance in the implementation of KM. Owners of small businesses do
not encourage their employees to share their knowledge nor they do it by
themselves. SME owners don’t trust their employees in a sense that their
employees will leave them as soon as they will find a better opportunity. This
will lead to knowledge loss for their organization. Higher employee turnover in
SMEs also supports this phenomenon. This is one of the reasons why SME owners
consider knowledge sharing as a threat but at the same time by blocking outflow
of knowledge in this manner they are ruining the opportunity of getting new
knowledge.
Study was conducted in the Perak state of Malaysia.
30 SMEs were approached to participate in the study. 15 SMEs were from service
sector and 15 from manufacturing sector. Simple random technique was used for
sampling so that every SME on the list (Malaysian SME's list) should have equal
probability of selection. Type of SMEs approached from service sector includes
ICT, distributors, hotels, marketing companies, management consultants and
travel agencies. SMEs approached from manufacturing sector include stationary
manufacturers, door manufacturers, rubber products and plastic packaging
manufacturers. Questionnaire method was used as survey instrument.
Questionnaire was measured on 6-likert scale to remove the ambiguity of mid
value ‘neither agree nor disagree’. Questionnaire was directed to top
management of the companies to get a more realistic view. Reason for selecting
top management was that one of the aims of the study was to predict the future
of KM in Malaysian SMEs. Top management is the only appropriate option to get
response on that because they are the ones who know where to take the company
in future, what to implement and what not?
Respondents
were asked to rank all fourteen factors from 1-14. One as most important and
fourteen was least important. After data collection, results obtained from
respondents were analyzed by the authors with the help of R-square value and
were cross checked by weighted average method. R-square is used to see that
whether any relationship exists between dependent and independent variables?
Value of R-square in this was used as criteria for measuring significance of
each factor. Higher the relationship, association or variance between two
variables (dependent and independent), greater the value of R-square will be.
All CSFs were treated as independent variables and ‘implementation of KM’
(which was measured by asking questions relevant to KM usage) was used as
dependent variable.
One of the most important CSF which was and is being ignored by
authors. Without proper understanding of KM how one can implement KM and get
benefit from its implementation? Top management is considered as the top most
important CSF by other authors but what if top management doesn’t have the
proper understanding of KM? Will they pursue implementation of KM without
proper knowledge?
Without
proper and full support of top management, nothing can be implemented in any
organization. Top management support is important for the implementation of KM
because its implementation requires financial and non-financial resources which
can not be obtained without the consent of higher management in an
organization.
Culture
plays an important role in the implementation of KM. Culture itself consists of
many components but here we will talk only about knowledge sharing (friendly)
culture because we are dealing with KM. Knowledge sharing is a crucial
component of culture for KM implementation.
Without
appropriate financial resources, nothing can be implemented in an organization.
Financial resources are important for KM implementation because IT equipments
and other expenses are required to implement KM.
Communication
between all levels of management (top, middle and first line) is essential for
proper knowledge sharing and to increase the confidence of employees.
Employees
are the ones who should have aptitude towards KM and knowledge sharing. If
employees are not into KM implementation and knowledge sharing then how they
will be helpful in its implementation. Therefore, proper hiring and retaining
of employees plays an important role in the implementation of KM.
Employees
behavior can be changed by providing them rewards (intrinsic and extrinsic). If
employees are not motivated towards implementation of KM then their behavior
can be changed by providing certain type of rewards to them.
Implementing
any strategy and then not measuring it is by no means an intelligent work. If
KM is not measured then how organizations will judge that whether the
performance of the organization increased or not? Purpose of implementing KM is
fulfilled or not and how our objectives and goals are being met by the
implementation of KM? Therefore, there should be proper criteria for measuring
KM implementation and its benefits.
Organizational
infrastructure is another important factor for the implementation of KM. Large
organizations usually have organizational infrastructure whereas SMEs still
lack in this field. This is another reason that why SMEs are lacking in the
field of KM implementation.
Core
values of any business include vision and mission statements. These are the
reasons why a business exists. If organizations have KM or KM related
activities in their vision and mission then implementation of KM will be much
easier because almost all organizations do care about their vision and mission.
This can be another factor for the implementation of KM.
Proper
strategy should be planned before implementing KM. Many projects fail just
because management does not have any specific strategy or they don’t strictly
follow the planned strategy.
All
the process and activities of the organization should be linked to KM;
otherwise, there will be no effective utilization of KM.
Table
3 shows the detail about the service sector SMEs which were approached to
participate in the study. Table gives an overview about category of companies’
(type of business it’s involved in) surveyed, total number of companies
surveyed from the same business area, level of SME (micro, small and medium)
and the number of employees in those SMEs working as full time employees. Total
15 SMEs from service sector were asked to provide the feedback. Those SMEs
include hotels (2 SMEs of small level), marketing companies (2 SMEs of small
level), management consulting companies (4 SMEs of medium level), Information
and Communication technology (ICT) (5 SMEs of medium level), distributors (1
SME of micro level) and travel agent (1 SME of micro level) were the different
types of SMEs which participated in the study. Effort was made to include all
types (different in nature of business) and all levels (micro, small and
medium) of SMEs so that the results of study can show accurate picture of KM
situation in Malaysian SMEs. 4 companies were small sized SMEs, 9 were medium
and 2 were micro level SMEs.
Table
4 shows the category (business in which organizations are involved), number of
SMEs from a particular business area, SME type and the number of full time
employees working in those organization.
Table 3: Service sector based Malaysian SMEs
Category
Number of SMEs
Surveyed
SME Type
Employee
Hotels
2
Small
>=5 & <= 19
Marketing
2
Small
>=5 & <= 19
Management
Consultancy
4
Medium
>=20 & <= 50
ICT
5
Medium
>=20 & <= 50
Distribution
1
Micro
<=5
Travel
Agencies
1
Micro
<=5
Table 4: Manufacturing sector based Malaysian SMEs
Category
Number
of SMEs Surveyed
SME
Type
Employees
Disposable Plastic Packaging
3
Medium
>=51 & <=150
Rubber Products
5
Medium
>=51 & <=150
Door Manufacturer
6
Small
>=5 & <=50
Stationary
1
Micro
<=5
Total
15 SMEs from manufacturing sector were asked to provide the feedback.
Businesses in which those SMEs were involved include manufacturing of
disposable plastic packaging material (3 SMEs of medium level), manufacturers
of rubber products (5 SMEs of medium level), door manufacturers (6 SMEs of
small level) and stationary manufacturers (1 SME of micro level). 8 companies
were medium sized SMEs, 6 were small and 1 was micro level SME.
4.0Results
and Discussion
CSFs were first ranked on the basis of R-square
value. Higher the value of R-square means more are the chances that variance in
the dependent variable will be caused by independent variable. At the same
time, P-value was used to see the significance of relationship between
independent variable (14 CSFs) and dependent variable (implementation of KM).
Understanding of KM as a CSF had value of R-square equivalent to .902 and
p-value .000, which means that understanding of KM and implementation of KM,
has a very strong relationship. Higher value of R-square showed that 90.2%
variance in the implementation of KM can be predicted by understanding of KM.
Based on this value of R-square which is positive we can predict that higher
the understanding of KM, higher will be the implementation of KM positively and
vice versa. Top management support had a value of R-square equivalent to .836
and p-value .000, which means that topmanagement support is another important factor for the
implementation of KM. It also proves the point that without top management
support, KM can not be implemented in any organization. At the same time,
understanding of KM has more significance as compare to top management support
(based on R-square value). This shows that top management also needs
understanding of KM to pursue its implementation. Knowledge friendly culture is
among top three CSFs for the implementation of KM with R-square value of .805
and p-value of .000. Without proper financial resources, anything can not be
pursued in an organization. Because at the end what matters most are financial
numbers. All other resources are dependent on financial resources. Financial
resources had value of R-square equal to .778 and p-value .000. This shows that
implementation of KM is highly dependent on financial resources beside other
resources.
IT is one of the key enablers of KM, therefore it
has a very positive and significant impact on the implementation of KM. Value
of R-square for IT tools (IT infrastructure) is .763 plus p-value is .000 which
proves its significance as a CSF. Communication between all levels of
management is also important for KM implementation. Until and unless, everybody
knows about KM, it can not be implemented. That is possible only through
communication. Talks about KM should be organized; KM seminars and informal
meetings for knowledge sharing should be conducted in the organization at
regular intervals. Value of R-square for communication between all levels of
management was .720 with p-value of .000. Training and educating employees
about KM, future of KM and benefits of KM implementation should be provided.
This will help employees in foreseeing their career more towards KM related
activities. Value of R-square for training and education was .701 and p-value
.000. Hiring those employees which are oriented towards KM related activates
will be helpful for organizations in implementing KM, thus showing a value of
.693 and p-value
Rewards are also important to change the behavior of
employees towards KM and are considered as CSF for KM implementation having
R-square value of .685 with p-value of .000. Other CSF includes measuring
effectiveness of KM (R-square value = .672, p-value .000) because without
proper measuring methodology, how management can see that whether the purpose
of implementing KM is fulfilled or not? Organizational infrastructure (R-square
value = .608, p-value .000) proves its significance. Core values of business
which include mission and vision statements had a value of R-square = .594 and
p-value of .000. Proper strategy for KM implementation (R-square value = .570,
p-value .000) and systematic KM processes and activities (R-square value = .545,
p-value .000) were among the least CSFs for implementing KM.
Table 5Prioritization of CSFs on the basis of R-Square value
Understanding
of KM.902
(90.2 %)
Top management support .836 (83.6 %)
Knowledge friendly culture.805 (80.5 %)
Financial resources.778 (77.8 %)
IT infrastructure (IT tools).763 (76.3 %)
Communication between all
levels of management.720 (72.0 %)
Training and education of
employees.701 (70.1 %)
Hiring and retaining of
knowledgeable employees.693 (69.3 %)
Rewards to encourage KM
practices.685 (68.5 %)
Measuring effectiveness of
KM.672 (67.2 %)
Organizational
infrastructure.608 (60.8 %)
Core values of business.594 (59.4 %)
Strategy for KM.570 (57.0 %)
Systematic KM process and
activities.545 (54.5 %)
Table 5 provides a prioritized list of CSFs based on
the mean value. Smaller the mean value of a CSF, higher its priority will be.
Priority of CSF was judge both by R-square value and mean value to see the
accuracy of results. There are differences over few of the CSFs whose priority
varies according to R-square and mean value. Top management support has the top
priority as CSF for implementing KM with mean value of 2.07. Knowledge friendly
culture has mean value of 3.33 and is second most important factor for
implementing KM. Financial resources have 3rd priority based on mean
value (3.63). IT tools having mean value of 5.77 are among top 5 CSFs for
implementing KM. Communication between all levels of management is another
important factor for KM implementation with mean value of 6.33.
Table 6: Prioritization of CSFs on
the basis of mean value
Variable Name
Mean Value
Top management support
2.07
Knowledge friendly culture
3.33
Financial resources
3.63
IT infrastructure (IT
tools)
5.77
Communication between all
levels of management
6.33
Training and education of
employees
6.73
Hiring and retaining of
knowledgeable employees
7.63
Strategy for KM implementation
8.57
Rewards to encourage KM
practices
8.73
Systematic KM process and
activities
8.93
Core values of business
8.97
Measuring effectiveness of
KM
9.73
Organizational
infrastructure
10.37
Other CSFs includes training and education (mean
value of 6.73). Hiring and retaining of knowledgeable people (mean value of
7.63), proper strategy for the implementation of KM (mean value of 8.57), and
rewards to encourage KM behavior among employees (mean value of 8.73).
Systematic KM process and activities (mean value of 8.93), Core values of
business which includes vision and mission statements of the business (mean
value of 8.97). Measuring effectiveness of KM implementation (mean value of
9.73) and organizational infrastructure (mean value of 10.37).
There are difference between prioritized list
produced by R-square value and mean value. It is due to the fact that the list
produced from mean value does not contain any audit questions. Respondents were
asked to directly rank the factors whereas, when R-square was used to rank the
factors, audit questions were also included in the test to gat more accurate
results.
Table 6 provides a prioritized list of type of
applications being used by Malaysian SMEs. Respondents were asked to provide
feedback on the type of application they were using in their organizations.
Respondents were given the option of choosing more than one applications at a
time.
Number of times each option was chosen, is
represented by ‘frequency’ in table 2. 24 SMEs were using KM to promote
friendly knowledge sharing behavior in their organizational culture whereas, 21
were using some sort of database to store knowledge at one place. 2o SMEs were
using tools to capture new knowledge. 17 were using KM tools to enhance the
knowledge of their employees. Intranet and internet was being used by 12 SMEs
for knowledge sharing purpose. 11 SMEs were using KM tools to identify
opportunities and threats for the organization. 10 SMEs were using KM tools to
measure it. Another 10 companies were maintaining KM infrastructure and 8 were
using KM to help them in planning strategies.
Table 7: Types of KM applications being used by Malaysian SMEs
Frequency
Application
usage
24
Friendly knowledge sharing culture
21
Using tools (i.e. database) to store
knowledge
20
Using tools to capture new knowledge
17
Building and maintaining employees’ expertise
and skills
12
Using intranet and Internet to share
information
11
Identifying opportunities and threats
11
Providing incentives to knowledge management
promoters in organization
10
Tools to measure KM
10
Maintain knowledge Infrastructure
8
Developing strategies for KM
Figure
1 shows the level of KM implementation in SMEs. This is the combined analysis
for service and manufacturing sector (30 SMEs). Out of 30 SMEs, half had the
level 4 (using tools like databases, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP),
Inventory Management, Customer Relationship Management (CRM)) implementation of
KM, 11 had 3rd level (using tools for Email, Internet Browsing,
Video Conferencing, intranet, file sharing, creating websites, e-commerce,
VoIP) of KM implementation, 3 had 2nd level (using tools like PCs
with Microsoft Office, Star Office) of KM implementation and one SME had level
1 (using only land line phones or mobiles) KM implementation.
SMEs
which were having level 4 KM implementation were the ones who had actually
implemented KM. SMEs having 3rd level of KM implementation were
using tools which are basically important for knowledge sharing and to store
knowledge. Those SMEs which were having level 2 KM implementation were using IT
tool (PCs, Microsoft/Office Office) for day to day storage of records and in
actual were using KM (only storage of daily transactions) to a very minimum
level. SME having 1st level of KM implementation was using only land
line phone or mobile phone so we can say that one of the tools for KM
implementation was being used for communication but no other application of KM
implementation.
Out
of 30 SMEs in figure 2, 20 said that they will increase their investment in
future for KM implementation, whereas 6 said that they do not want to implement
KM and 4 SMEs haven’t decided yet to implement it or not.
Figure
1: Current Level of KM implementation
by Malaysian SMEs
<![if !vml]><![endif]>
If
we do the combined analysis of Fig 1&2, we can see that majority of the
SMEs have already implemented KM and many of them are also convinced to invest
more in KM. From this we can analyze, that in future we will see the growth in
implementation level of KM in Malaysian based SMEs.
Figure 2: Intention of Malaysian SMEs to implement
KM in future
<![if !vml]><![endif]>
Out
of 30 SMEs who participated in the research, 25 had already implemented KM so
they responded to this question only. Figure 3 shows that 6 SMEs were using KM
from last 1-3 years, 10 were using from 3-5 years and 9 SMEs had implemented KM
for more than 5 years. This shows that implementation of KM is considered as a
healthy sign by Malaysian SMEs as they are considering its implementation as
important factor for their growth.
Figure 3: Years of KM implementation in Malaysian
SMEs
From
30 SMEs who responded to questionnaire, twenty companies are planning to implement
KM so they responded to this question only. According to the analysis of figure
4, regarding the future of KM in Malaysian SMEs, 3 companies said that they
will implement KM in next 1-3 years, 10 have the inclination towards its
implementation in 3-5 years and 7 said that they will implement KM in more than
5 years. Therefore, one can predict on the basis of these feedbacks that in
next 1-5 years, KM implementation will grow in Malaysian SMEs.
SMEs where KM is already implemented are trying to
enhance their investment in KM applications, whereas those SMEs which haven’t
implemented KM yet, are in the process of implementing it. This is due to the
benefits which SMEs can get from implementing KM. Cost effectiveness, time
saving, innovation and quick decision making are the most common type of
benefits which SMEs can get.
Study was conducted in Malaysia in which 30 SMEs
were analyzed. CSFs for the implementation of KM were analyzed. Prioritized
list of these CSFs was produced based on the importance each CSF has while
implementing KM.Values of mean square
and R-square were used to prioritize CSFs. Analyzed CSFs includes:understanding of KM, top
management support, knowledge friendly culture, financial resources, IT
infrastructure, communication between all levels of management, training and
education of employees, hiring and retaining of knowledgeable employees,
rewards to encourage KM practices, measuring effectiveness of KM,
organizational infrastructure, core values of business, strategy for KM and
systematic KM process and activities.
Beside the significance of above mentioned CSFs, KM
implementation level by Malaysian SMEs was analyzed. Implementation of KM was
divided to four sub-levels. SMEs intention to implement KM in future, duration
of KM implementation and future of KM in Malaysian SMEs were also discussed in
the study.
Results of the study can be enhanced and generalized
by increasing the number of SMEs and testing the CSFs mentioned in this study
in another domain.
[1]
Desouza, K.C. and Awazu, Y. “Knowledge management at SMEs: five peculiarities,”
Journal of knowledge management (10:1), 2006, pp. 32-43.
[2]
Wong, K.Y. and Aspinwall, E. “An empirical study of the important factors for
knowledge-management adoption in the SME sector,” Journal of knowledge
management (9:3), 2005, pp. 64-82.
[3]
Salojarvi, S., Furu, P. and Sveiby, K. “Knowledge management and growth in
Finnish SMEs,” Journal of Knowledge Management (9:2), 2005, pp. 103-122.
[4]
Wong, K.Y. “Critical success factors for implementing knowledge management in
small and medium enterprises,” Industrial Management & Data Systems (95:3),
2005, pp. 261-279.
[5]Shepard, S. Telecommunications Convergence, McGraw Hill, New York, N, 2000.
[6]
Brush, C. “Marketplace information scanning activities of new manufacturing
ventures,” Journal of Small Business Management
(30:4), 1992, pp. 41-53.
[7]
Call, D. “Knowledge management – not rocket science,” Journal of Knowledge
Management (9:2), 2005, pp. 19-30.
[8]
Neef, D. “Making the case for knowledge management: the bigger picture,”
Management Decision (37:1), 1999, pp. 72-78.
[9] Beckman, T. “A Methodology for knowledge
management,” International Association of Science and Technology for
Development AI and Soft Computing Conference:1997,Banff, Alberta.
[10] Okunoye, A. and Karsten, H. “Where the global
needs the local: variation in enablers in the knowledge management process,”
Journal of Global Information Technology Management (5:3), 2002, pp. 12-31.
[11] Defining CSFs: Retrieved May 15, 2009,
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/critical-success-factors-CSF.html
[12] Rockart, J.F. “Chief executives define their own
data needs,” Harvard Business Review (57:2), 1979, pp. 81-93.
[13]
OECD Small and Medium Enterprise Outlook: Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, 2002, Paris.
[14]
Jun, M. and Cai, S. “Key obstacles to EDI success: from the US small
manufacturing companies’ perspective,” Industrial Management & Data Systems
(103:3), 2003, pp. 192-203.
%20WORD%20LAB%20TEST_files/image002.gif)
<![endif]>%20WORD%20LAB%20TEST_files/image004.gif)
<![endif]>%20WORD%20LAB%20TEST_files/image006.gif)
<![endif]>%20WORD%20LAB%20TEST_files/image008.gif)
<![endif]>